This is in response to a discussion about Columbus and his infamous day at New York poet Carlos Andres Gomez’ Facebook page.
Mr. M. A.:
It is IMO a mistake to speak of indigenous peoples as a civilization, and this is a separate issue from the question as to whether it’s better to “be” indigenous (assuming that possible barring a worldwide socioeconomic collapse in which the weaker members of society would suffer a mass Holocaust) or “civilized”: whether as Brecht claimed to have believed, civilization is dogshit and it would be better to revert to more local and indigenous folkways (again assuming that’s an option).
There “was” a pre-Columbian civilisation: in fact there were more than one: the Aztecs, Inca and Mayan civilizations come to mind and the first two were destroyed by the Spaniards (but not by Columbus). Also, there may have been more that we just don’t know about because as African historians caution us, tropical lands (north South America and Central America) are unkind to archeological remains, unlike temperate zones.
But depending on how you define “civilization”, what “civilization” did Columbus destroy? I’m not in the business at all of telling you how to use words, and given Ghandi’s quote about civilization being a good thing and the West should try it, then perhaps you’re on to something if you conflate, which you seem to be doing, the indigenous and the civilized, using the phrase “indigenous civilised” without intending an oxymoron.
Perhaps the Carib and Arawak were more civilized in both an honorific and real sense while at the same time being indigenous. I have been using the terms as mutually exclusive, perhaps because I am a white SOB colonialist male after all, like Indiana Jones, or Aguirre, wrath of God.
I am not going to say that writing or the wheel defines civilisation, although my Dad would, being even more of a pain in the ass than I seem to be. This is, I sincerely believe, superstition, because you can do stuff without writing and the wheel. They are accidents. To define civilization as writing in particular is a mistake because the oral traditions of the indigenous in many ways are stronger, perhaps (and this was Plato’s fancy) because the absence of writing strengthens the memory.
Or, we could follow an historian’s politically neutral usage and distinguish between local, noncommunicating indigenous and civilisations with more territory. But as soon as we do, the “civilization” becomes something mortared in blood, it would seem, since unification over any distance usually involves conquest and enslavement.
I would personally prefer to define a “civilization” as one that evolves to the point that a las Casas or Bishop Oscar Romero emerges who using the professed ideals of the civilization itself and its holy books calls that civilization to account and calls upon what Lincoln called without “postmodern irony” (it being 1865) “the better angels of our nature”.
This the indigenous does not generally do.
I would (thinking on the late Derrida’s writing on what it means to welcome the stranger) define civilization as hospitality. ‘Course, that puts me into a heap of trouble, doesn’t it? For the Indians of Massachusetts, Virginia and Hispaniola gave the Pilgrims, John Smith and Columbus welcome, to be repaid with slaughter. Therefore “civilization” might be that which evolves to allowing self-criticism from within. It isn’t hospitality, although hospitality is part of the higher received meaning.
I’d say that we call relatively mutually isolated Arcadian communities without writing or guns “indigenous” intending no disrespect: I’d say we call expanding territories with more specialization of functions (starting with the division of social roles between laboring classes, priestly classes, warrior classes and rulers, which seem to have been a feature of preColumbian Aztec, Inca and Mayan “civilizations”) “civilizations” intending no, or only some, respect until they evolve to the Abrahamite point (rejected slaughter of Isaac), this being the point at which they question themselves.
We should intend minimal respect towards “civilization” because the Arcadian-indigenous societies probably evolved without the injustice named by Marxist historians such as Chris Harman in A PEOPLE’S HISTORY OF THE WORLD: the crushing of small farmers and their enslavement, and the monopoly of grain by priests as seen in early Mesopotamia…and probably in pre-Columbian civilization as well.
Two cheers, then, at best, for civilization and its Columbus Days and other festivals which commemorate and celebrate horror.
But it’s always been like this. What we call the human condition
the Whips and Scornes of time,
The Oppressors wrong, the poore mans Contumely,
The pangs of dispriz’d Loue, the Lawes delay,
The insolence of Office, and the Spurnes
That patient merit of the vnworthy takes,
what we know, are a human artifact, as Hamlet knew.
At the same time, you cannot run backward, and ensure that
Time will run back, and fetch the age of gold,
And speckl’d vanity
Will sicken soon and die,
And leprous sin will melt from earthly mould,
And Hell itself will pass away,
And leave her dolorous mansions to the peering day.
(Milton, Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity). It’s all one way, and I for one have no time to waste on romanticising the indigenous. Learn from it. Try to live more like it. But it’s gone, Flintstone, and no amount of dissing Columbus will bring it back.
Nor have I time to waste on Columbus. Heaping scorn on his memory is just amnesiac. It forgets the ethnic cleansing of Islam in Iberia: that was his patrons, Ferdinand and Isabella. The destruction of Mexican civilization: that was Cortes, wasn’t it? The destruction of Inca civilization: that was Pizzaro, wasn’t it? The colonization of Hispanic North America: that was Davy Crockett, king of the wild frontier, and Sam Houston, wasn’t it? The economic colonization of Cuba: that was Teddy Roosevelt, huh. The contra war: that was Ronald Reagan and Oliver North, isn’t that a kiss my ass.
The fact is that the European west in recovery from the Black Death was looking for a way to the shopping mall of its time, that being China, and Islam in the form of the Turkish Caliphate was in its way. It turned around, and the indigenous societies and pre-Columbian civilizations were in its way. And what the masses do when they are either starving or just bored outa their skulls is head for horizons for better or worse.
Now, all of this sounds like “shit happens” and is not meant to, M. A. It just means that as a person of European descent, I do not celebrate a goddamn thing. I don’t celebrate the fact that my German ancestors had no land because vast tracts of the north German plain were reserved for ducal purposes, mostly hunting. I don’t celebrate the fact that they took aim at Indians in Minnesota (and probably missed if my own experience with firearms is any guide).
But I do remember. I do commemorate. And I do believe that if Latin Americans romanticise the inaccessible indigenous, their wonderful post-Columbus civilization, Las Casas, Oscar Romero, Jorge Luis Borges, Diego Rivera, will disappear in a universal Starbuck’s.
Latin America is a civilization. I want to see it preserved. Latin Americans fought for recognition of the fact that they created, from nearly nothing, a civilization from the Mission de San Francisco to Tierra del Fuego, not by eliminating the Indians (that was the NorteAmericanos) but by fusion with them. For too long, my country has thrown its weight around Central America and ignored Latin America. It pulled the plug on Argentina in 2000 destroying Argentina’s middle class because to Washington, they did not matter. It tried to have Hugo Chavez killed in May 2002 when my fellow attendees at a computer conference were Chavez supporters even though they worked at oil companies.
This is, whether you like it or not, a postColumbian civilization and in the United States, Columbus day can recognize this while at the same time being brutally forthright and honest about what happened. Anything would be better than passing over Columbus and his infamous day with a sheepish grin or a knowing smirk, because if you do this, none of your students will become a Supreme Court Justice.